Intrapolating Global Agreements on Water:
A Policy Matrix for Demand Management

	Hari Srinivas
	Policy Analysis Series E-042. July 2020.

Understanding of the interrelated, interlinked criticality of water - both freshwater and waste water - has emerged globally only in the last few decades. This greater awareness has helped spawn a number of global summits, agreements, and norms that have explored the issue of water and larger/broader environmental processes.

Issues that have come up as a result of these consultations have focussed on water demand management, water efficiency, and water pollution, and include:

the promotion of a greater focus on water demand management, and conservation within the framework of integrated water resources management;
encouraging a shift from the supply driven approach to meet demand on water to the demand management approach and greater efficiency to match available resources;
promoting greater focus on pollution control policies within the framework of integrated water resources management to safeguard the quality of water and to maximize the safe reintegration of recycled wastewater into the water cycle as a non-conventional water source;
reviewing water demand and pollution control experience across the region and identify and examine replicable strategies and models;
demonstrating the viability of water demand management and efficiency policies.

It is easy, however to talk global at the global level. The issues are too broad, too overarching, and too 'watered-down' in some cases, without specifics. But what do these pronouncements really mean at the ground level?

The real challenge lie in understanding and adopting global agreements and norms to localized, tangible, feet-on-the-ground action that has real impact, in the short-term, but also the long term. For example, we often hear the statement, "Water is a basic human right" being made in many international meetings - but what does it really mean? At the local level? To the man-on-the-street? Is it just access to water? Clean and safe water? Are there corresponding 'basic human responsibilities' too??

Read on, explore ... and keep a small card in front of you that says, in big, red capital letters, "So what??"

Table 1: Recommendationss and Declarations from Global Water Conferences

EVENT	GUIDING PRINCIPLES
Global Consultation on Safe Water and Sanitation for the 1990s, New Delhi, 1990	The New Delhi Statementformalizedd the need to provide, on a sustainable basis, access to safe water in sufficient quantities and proper sanitation for all,emphasizingg the "some for all rather than more for some" approach. Four guiding principles were postulated: Protection of the environment and safeguarding of health through the integrated management of water resources and liquid and solid wastes Institutional reforms promoting an integrated approach Community management of services Sound financial practices.
International Conference on Water and the Environment, Dublin 1992	Four Guiding Principles were formulated: Freshwater is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environment Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners and policy-makers at all levels Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should berecognizedd as an economic good
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 1992	Agenda 21 emerged from this Conference, with Chapter 18 dealing with water issues. Chapter 18 was titled: "Protection of t-he quality and supply of freshwater resources: Application of integrated approaches to the development, management and use of water resources". Seven programme areas were proposed for the freshwater sector: Integrated water resources development and management Water resources assessment Protection of water resources, water quality and aquatic ecosystems Drinking-water supply and sanitation Water and sustainable urban development Water for sustainable food production and rural development Impacts of climate change on water resources.
Second World Water Forum and Ministerial Conference in The Hague, March 2000	The World Water Vision which was presented at the Forum, defined three primary objectives: (1) to empower people and communities to decide how to use water (2) To get more crops and jobs per drop (3) to manage use to conserve freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. It deemed five actions critical to the achievement of the objectives: Involving all stakeholders in integrated management Moving to full-cost pricing Increasing public funding for research and innovation Cooperating to manage international basins Massively increasing investments in water The World Water Council which organized the Second World Water Forum, formulated the following Messages for a water secure world: A holistic, systemic approach relying on integrated water resources management must replace the current fragmentation in managing water Participatory institutional mechanisms must be put in place to involve all sectors of society in decision-making Fresh water must berecognizedd as a scarce commodity and managed accordingly. Full cost pricing of water services with targeted subsidies for the poor Fresh water must berecognizedd as a basic need, with adequate access ensured for the poor Incentives for resourcemobilizationn and technology change are needed. Institutional, technological and financial innovation is needed Private investment and community action Political will is needed B going beyond Dublin and Rio Governments are key actors - as enablers and regulators Behavioural change is needed by all - no more business as usual
8th World Water Forum (2018)	The ministerial declaration called for the world community to deal with water and sanitation challenges, particularly scarcity; acceleratee thimplementationon of SDG 6 (clean water and sanitation); strengthen integrated water resources management policies and plans; transparent, effective, inclusive and accountable institutional arrangements among various stakeholders; mobilize financial resources for water management; and facilitate transboundary cooperation on water issues.

The underlying message of these global agreements is clear: An urgent need for action to develop and implement policies and programmes in integrated water resources management (IWRM). The key to operationalizing the above recommendations and declarations is the strong implementation of water demand management (WDM) - an effective strategy necessary to increase available water supply.

The widely accepted definition of IWRM by the Global Water Partnership is: "IWRM is a process which promotes the co-ordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems." It involves water conservation, and increased water use efficiency. This strategy requires a major paradigm shift from conventional supply management to the management of demand.

WDM aims to increase water efficiency through both wise use and reduction. It seeks to maximize the usage of a given volume of water by curbing non-essential or low-use values through price or non-price measures. It aims to achieve water consumption levels that are consistent with equitable, efficient and sustainable water use.

A policy approach to better WDM can be laid out in the form of a matrix covering on one hand, water governance, water education, and water technology; on othe other, covering water savings, water efficiency, water recycling/reuse and wastewater treatment.

In order to ensure that concerted action is taken on water savings, water efficiency, water recycling/reuse and wastewater treatment, it requires a three-pronged approach covering the domains of governance, education and technology.

Table 2: A Water Demand Management Matrix

Management Options Policy Domains	Water Demand Management
Management Options Policy Domains	Water savings	Water efficiency	Water recycle / reuse	Wastewater treatment
Water Governance Laws and regulations	How can regulations promote water savings at the user level?	How can water be used efficiently, avoiding loss and maximizing output?	What regulations will facilitate water recycling and reuse for downstream use such as gardening or washing?	What is needed for efficient treatment of wastewater and gray water treatment?
Water Education Awareness and capacity building	Awareness campaigns focussing on - "USE LESS"	Awareness campaigns focussing on - "USE PROPERLY"	Awareness campaigns focussing on - "USE IT AGAIN"	Awareness campaigns focussing on - "USE IT FOR RECOVERY"
Water Technology Solutions and skills	Technologies such as low-flow taps, showers, toilets; network-loss detection; leakage prevention; water pricing etc.	Technologies such as efficient metering; water audits; rainwater/water vapour harvesting etc.	Technologies, including natural systems, that enable recycling and reusing water	Technologies, including natural systems such as phytotechnologies, that facilitate efficient treatment

An overlay that can be laid over the matrix will position different stakeholdes in the public, private and community spheres (from local governments, utilities, and businesses/ business groups, to NGOs, universities and community groups), who will undertake to implement action at the national, provisial and local levels.

Bringing it all together in ensuring all interconnected actions are taken, at the appropriate level by the appropriate stakeholder is key to effective water demand management.

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Contact: Hari Srinivas - hsrinivas@gdrc.org

Intrapolating Global Agreements on Water: A Policy Matrix for Demand Management

Intrapolating Global Agreements on Water:
A Policy Matrix for Demand Management